Women as Custodians of Spiritual Wisdom: The Evolution of Female Authority from the Vedic Hymns to the Upanishads

Abstract

Purpose: The Upanishads, foundational texts of Indian philosophy, are often regarded as deeply metaphysical and centred on the pursuit of ultimate knowledge (Brahma-Vidya). While ancient Indian spiritual traditions were largely male-dominated, the Upanishads present several women as intellectual authorities, philosophers, and spiritual seekers who actively engaged in complex metaphysical debates. Women such as Gargi Vachaknavi and Maitreyi played significant roles in spiritual discourse, philosophical inquiry, and scriptural exegesis, challenging societal norms of their time. This paper explores the contributions of these women, analysing their dialogues, teachings, and the broader implications of their presence in the Upanishadic tradition.

Methodology used: In this paper, the exploratory qualitative research method is used. The relevant information is collected using keyword-based search in Google search engine, Google Scholar search engine, and AI-driven GPTs. This information is analysed and interpreted as per the objectives of the paper.

Results/ Analysis:  The influence of Upanishadic women like Gargi and Maitreyi on Hindu philosophical thought is both profound and enduring. Their contributions not only shaped the evolution of spiritual inquiry in ancient India but also continue to inspire contemporary dialogues on gender and spirituality

Originality/ Values: It also examines whether their philosophical engagements indicate a greater inclusivity in Vedic thought or remain isolated instances in a predominantly patriarchal system. By evaluating both historical context and textual interpretations, this study aims to highlight the role of women in shaping early Hindu philosophy and spiritual traditions.

Type of Paper: Exploratory research.