Karma and Renunciation: A Comparative Study of Isha Upanishad Verses 2-3 and Bhagavad Gita

Abstract

Purpose: The Isha Upanishad presents a unique perspective on the interplay between karma (action) and renunciation (sannyāsa), particularly in verses 2 and 3. While advocating for a life of action without attachment, the text also warns against ignorance and material bondage. This paradox resonates with the Bhagavad Gita’s synthesis of karma yoga and jnana yoga, which reconciles duty with spiritual liberation. This study aims to analyze the philosophical and practical implications of karma and renunciation in these two texts, examining their interpretations within Advaita Vedanta, Dvaita Vedanta, and other Hindu traditions. By comparing the Isha Upanishad’s teachings with the Bhagavad Gita’s discourse on selfless action, the research highlights their relevance in contemporary ethical and spiritual discourse. The study seeks to provide a deeper understanding of how these foundational texts guide seekers in navigating the dual path of engagement in the world and spiritual detachment.

Methodology:  In this paper, the exploratory qualitative research method is used. The relevant information is collected using keyword-based search in Google search engine, Google Scholar search engine, and AI-driven GPTs. This information is analysed and interpreted as per the objectives of the paper.

Results/Analysis: Both texts highlight that it is not action itself that leads to bondage, but rather the ego's identification with being the 'doer' and attachment to outcomes. By shifting one's perspective and dedicating all actions to the Divine, even mundane tasks can become a form of spiritual practice.

Originality/Values: This research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how these texts offer a practical spiritual framework for individuals balancing worldly responsibilities with the pursuit of liberation.